It is obvious that local governments cannot do without central government transfer; however, coupling with internal competition can fix decentralization for Africa’s development. Our recent study in Benin shows that when one local government received funding, its neighbors, were inspired to invest more too. With fair funding and a touch of healthy competition, decentralization can move from promise to power, driving growth, reducing inequality, and facilitating development.

What does “partnership” really mean when power is so unevenly distributed? And when Africa is constantly referred to as “the future”, who gets to own, shape, and benefit from that future?

Climate action in the Global South may not stem from global ideals, but from local, tangible benefits. Instead of moral appeals, effective advocacy must focus on personal gains like lower energy costs or better air quality. Gain framing, not fear of loss, drives cooperation. To engage sceptics and unlock climate action, understand context, identify individual incentives, and show how action serves self-interest as well as the planet.